NEST 2025: Counselling (Started), Seat Allotment,
Biology: Unit 01
Cell biology
Cell theory and cells as unit of life
Basic concepts of biomolecules-proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
Tools and techniques of cell studies-use of microscope and calibration (microscopy), elements of microscope
Biomembranes-transport mechanism, cellular respiration
Cell organelles-structure and functions
Discovery and structure of DNA, processes of replication, transcription, genetic code and translation
Principles of the basic techniques in molecular biology
Enzymes-catalysis, kinetics, activation energy, competitive, and non-competitive inhibition
Biology: Unit 02
Genetics and evolution
Fundamentals of genetics and evolution
Evidences and theories of organic evolution
Organization of the hereditary material in chromosomes
Equational division
Reduction division
Mitosis and meiosis compared, and contrasted
Significance of meiosis
Mendel's laws of inheritance
Discovery of linkage, sex-linked inheritance
Crossing-over, stage at which crossing-over occurs
Neurospora genetics
Mutation-discovery, types of mutation, and mutations in diploids
Role of mutations in evolution
Elaboration of mendel's laws of inheritance
Monohybrid or dihybrid crosses
Human genetics-human chromosomes, sex-determination, sex-linked inheritance
Biology: Unit 03
Ecology
Physical and biological factors in influencing organisms
Food chains, pyramids of numbers, and biomass
Biological equilibrium
Interspecific associations
Biodiversity
Flora and fauna
Basics of microbial systems, ecosystems
Biology: Unit 04
Humans and environment
Soil, rainfall, and temperature with reference to natural resources
Our natural resources-their uses and abuses
Environmental pollution and preventive measures
Biodiversity and conservation
Biology: Unit 05
Biotechnology
Principles of recombinant dna technology
Applications of biotechnology
Biology: Unit 06
Biology of animal systems
Digestive system: Modes of nutrition. Different vitamin compounds and their deficiencies. Structure of alimentary canal and associated glands, digestive enzymes, and gastrointestinal hormones
Digestive system: Absorption of products of digestion, peristalsis, balanced diet
Respiratory system: Gaseous exchange in animals. Structure of respiratory organs, mechanism of breathing, gaseous transport, tissue respiration
Circulatory system: Open and closed systems. Functions of blood and lymph. Microscopic structure of blood and blood vessels. Structures and working of heart. Distribution of arteries and veins. Circulation of blood coagulation. Blood groups
Excretory system: Elimination of nitrogenous waste. Osmoconformers and osmoregulators. Structure and function of kidney tubules. Arrangement of excretory organs
Nervous system: General account of brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Reflex actions (simple and conditioned). Sense organs (eye and ear)
Reproductive system: Sexual and asexual reproduction. General arrangement and functions of reproductive organs
Biology: Unit 07
Developmental biology
Basic features of development in animals
Types of eggs, fertilization, cleavage, blastula
Stem cells-definition, types, uses, advantages, and disadvantages, induced pluripotent stem cells
Different hormones and their roles
Diversity of animal life-principles of classification, binomial nomenclature
General classification of animal phyla up to classes (invertebrates) and up to sub-classes/ order (vertebrates), general characters of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals
Biology: Unit 08
Immunology
Basics of immune mechanisms and diseases-active and passive immunity, T-and B-cell responses, antigen presentation, principles of vaccination, monoclonal antibodies and their uses, immunology of AIDS
Biology: Unit 09
Biology of plant systems
Anatomy and physiology of plants-meristems
Plant growth and development
Internal and external regulators of growth, and development in plant
Plant reproduction
Internal structure of root, stem, secondary growth, and leaves
Xylem and phloem-their cell elements and functions
Internal structure of dicot and monocot leaves
Photosynthesis-history, importance, factors, and mechanism, stomatal mechanism, transpiration, and respiration
Comparative study of dicot and monocot anatomy
Absorption and cell-water relations, transport of water, and minerals, tropic, and turgor movements
Significance of life-cycles with special reference to alternation of generations as exemplified in funaria, selaginella, and pinus (no structural details)
Plant hormones
Biology: Unit 10
Systematics
Principles of classical and new systematics
Binomial nomenclature
Familiarity with taxa
Plant breeding and tissue culture
Chemistry
Chemistry: Unit 01
Physical chemistry
Measurements in chemistry: SI units for fundamental quantities, significant figures in calculations
Mole concept: Avogadro number and mole concept, molar masses, mole fraction, molarity, molality, percent composition, stoichiometry. Equivalent weight and normality.Calculations based on mole concept and stoichiometry of different reactions
Mole concept: Oxidation-reduction reactions
Gaseous and liquid states: Absolute scale of temperature. Gas laws, ideal gas equation, real gases and deviation from ideality, liquefaction of gases, Van Der Waals equation
Gaseous and liquid states: Kinetic theory of gases; average, root mean square, and most probable velocities and their relation with temperature. Law of partial pressures. Vapour pressure. Diffusion of gases
Atomic structure and chemical bonding: Bohr model, spectrum of hydrogen atom, quantum numbers. Wave particle duality, De Broglie hypothesis. Uncertainty principle. Orbitals and quantum numbers; shapes and energy of s, p, and d orbitals
Atomic structure and chemical bonding: Electronic configurations of elements (up to atomic number 36), filling of orbitals-Aufbau principle. Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule. Hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals
Atomic structure and chemical bonding: Atomic orbital overlap and chemical bonds; ionic, covalent, and coordinate bonds; bond parameters. Orbital energy diagrams for homonuclear diatomic species. Lewis structures. Hydrogen bond
Atomic structure and chemical bonding: Polarity in molecules, dipole moment (qualitative aspects). VSEPR theory and shapes of molecules. Valence bond theory. Molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea)
Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic states. First law of thermodynamics. Internal energy, work, and heat, pressure-volume work. Enthalpy and enthalpy change, Hess's law, heat of-reaction, fusion, and vaporisation
Thermodynamics: Second law of thermodynamics, entropy, free energy, criterion of spontaneity
Chemical equilibrium: Laws of chemical equilibrium, law of mass action. Equilibrium constant-factors affecting equilibrium constant and its applications. Le Chatelier's principle-effect of concentration, temperature, and pressure
Chemical equilibrium: Significance of ΔG and ΔG in chemical equilibrium. Relationship of K and ΔG. Ionic equilibrium: Acids and bases (Bronsted and Lewis concepts), salts. Ka, Kb, Kw, degree of dissociation, PH, and their relationships
Chemical equilibrium: Ionic equilibrium-solubility product, common ion effect. Hydrolysis of salts. Buffer solutions
Electrochemistry: Redox reactions and electrode potential, electrochemical cells, galvanic cells and cell reactions. Standard electrode potential. Nernst equation and its relation to ΔG and K. Electrochemical series, EMF of galvanic cells
Electrochemistry: Electrolysis and Faraday's laws of electrolysis. Electrolytic conductance, specific, equivalent, and molar conductivity, Kohlrausch's law. Concentration cells. Batteries (primary and secondary), fuel cells, corrosion
Chemical kinetics: Rates of chemical reactions. Order of reaction, rate constant. First order and pseudo first order reactions. Factors affecting rate of reaction-concentration, temperature (Arrhenius equation), catalyst
Solid state: Classification of solids, amorphous, and crystalline solids, crystalline state, crystal lattice, and unit cells; seven crystal systems (cell parameters a, b, c, α, β), close packed structure of solids (cubic)
Solid state: Packing in fcc, bcc, and hcp lattices. Packing efficiency, nearest neighbours, ionic radii. Simple ionic compounds, imperfection in solids, point defects. Electrical and magnetic properties, band theory of metals
Solutions: Solution of solid and gas in liquid. Concentration of solution. Ideal and non-ideal solutions. Colligative properties. Vapour pressure of solution, Raoult's law
Solutions: Molecular weight determination from lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point and depression of freezing point. Abnormal molecular mass, Van't Hoff factor. Osmosis-osmotic pressure, reverse osmosis
Surface chemistry: Adsorption-physisorption and chemisorptions. Factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids. Adsorption isotherm. Catalysis-homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity. Enzyme catalysis
Surface chemistry: Colloidal state-types, preparation, and properties of colloids. Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation. Application of colloids. Micelles
Chemistry: Unit 02
Inorganic chemistry
Classification of elements and periodicity in properties: Modern periodic table, classification of elements, periodic trends in properties of elements-valence, oxidation state, atomic/ ionic radius, ionization energy, electron gain energy
Classification of elements and periodicity in properties: Periodic trends in properties of elements-electronegativity, valency, chemical reactivity. Diagonal relationship. Anomalous behaviours of Li, Be, B, C
Hydrogen: Isotopes, preparation, isolation, properties, and uses. Hydrides-ionic, covalent, and interstitial. Properties of water and heavy water. Hydrogen peroxide-preparation, structure, reactions, uses. Hydrogen as fuel cell
s-block elements (alkali and alkaline earth elements): General characteristics and trends in properties. Group 1: Preparation, properties, and reactions of alkali metals with emphasis on chemistry of Na and K and their compounds-oxides, peroxides
s-block elements (alkali and alkaline earth elements): Group 1: Preparation, properties, and reactions of alkali metals with emphasis on chemistry of Na and K and their compounds-hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates
s-block elements (alkali and alkaline earth elements): Group 2: Preparation, properties, and reactions alkaline earth metals with emphasis on the chemistry of Mg and Ca and their compounds-oxides, peroxides, hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates
s-block elements (alkali and alkaline earth elements): Group 2: Preparation, properties, and reactions alkaline earth metals with emphasis on the chemistry of Mg and Ca and their compounds-chlorides and sulphates. Uses
p-block elements: General characteristics and trends in properties. Group 13: Chemistry of boron and its compounds-borax, boric acid, and diborane. Group 14, 15, and 16: Chemistry of carbon, sulphur, nitrogen and phosphorus. Allotropy
p-block elements: Group 14, 15, and 16-chemistry of carbon, sulphur, nitrogen and phosphorus. Allotropy. Chemistry of oxides and oxyacids of these elements. Phosphines, phosphorus chlorides, ammonia, peroxide, and ozone; silicones
p-block elements: Group 14, 15, and 16-silicon tetrachloride and silicates. Group 17: Chemistry of halogens, chemistry of chlorine in detail. Interhalogen compounds. HX and oxyacids of halogens
p-block elements: Group 18: Isolation, properties, and reactions of inert gases with emphasis on chemistry of xenon
d-block elements: General characteristics and trends in properties (mainly 3d elements).. Variable oxidation states and their stabilities, colour (excluding the details of electronic transitions) and calculation of spin-only magnetic moment
d-block elements: Catalytic properties. Interstitial compounds, alloy formation. Preparation and properties of potassium dichromate, and permanganate
f-block elements: General characteristics and trends in properties (mainly lanthanides). Variable oxidation states. Lanthanide contraction and its consequences
Coordination compounds: Nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Isomerism. Hybridization and geometries of mononuclear coordination compounds. Magnetic properties. Werner's theory, VBT, CFT
Metals and metallurgy: Occurrence of metals. General methods of extraction involving chemical principles-thermodynamic, electrochemical, and redox principles. General operation stages involved in metallurgical operation
Metals and metallurgy: Metallurgy of p-block element (emphasis on Al). Metallurgy of Fe-triad (more emphasis on Fe metallurgy). Metallurgy of coinage metals (Cu, Ag with more emphasis on Cu). Refining
Chemistry: Unit 03
Organic chemistry
Basic concept: Representation of organic compounds. Hybridisations of carbon. Sigma and pi-bonds. Shapes of simple organic molecules. Inductive effect, electrometric effect, resonance effect, hyper conjugation. Keto-enol tautomerism
Basic concept: Determination of empirical and molecular formulae (only combustion method). Hydrogen bond-definition and effect on physical properties of alcohols and carboxylic acids. Acidity and basicity of organic acids, and bases
Basic concept: Methods of purification of compounds
Reactive intermediates: Homolytic and heterolytic bond cleavages. Formation, structure, and stability of-carbocation, carbanion, and free radical
Isomerism: Structural and stereoisomerism. Geometrical isomerism. Chirality. Enantiomers. Optical isomerism of compounds containing up to two asymmetric centres, (R, S and E, Z nomenclature excluded). Racemic mixture
Isomerism: Conformations of ethane and butane (Newman projections)
Nomenclature: IUPAC nomenclature of simple organic compounds (only hydrocarbons, monofunctional and bifunctional compounds), including benzene derivatives
Alkanes: Preparation, properties, and reactions. Idea of homologous series, combustion, and halogenation of alkanes. Mechanism of photohalogenation, Wurtz reaction
Alkenes and alkynes: Preparation, properties, and reactions of alkenes and alkynes. Isomerization. Acidity of alkynes. Acid catalysed hydration of alkenes and alkynes (excluding the stereochemistry), reactions of alkenes with KMnO₄, sulphuric acid
Alkenes and alkynes: Reduction of alkenes and alkynes, preparation of alkenes and alkynes by elimination reactions (excluding stereochemistry). Electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes with X2, HX, HOX, and H2O (X=halogen). Makowniko rule
Alkenes and alkynes: Peroxide effect. Polymerization of alkenes, addition reactions of alkynes, metal acetylides, ozonolysis
Aromatic compounds: Aromaticity. Huckel theory of aromaticity. Structure of benzene. Isomerism in substituted benzenes. Electrophilic substitution reaction on benzene-general mechanism
Aromatic compounds: Orientating influence of substituents in electrophilic substitution reaction of monosubstituted benzenes. Electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene and substituted benzenes-halogenation, nitration, sulphonation
Aromatic compounds: Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation (no mechanism)
Haloalkanes (alkyl halides): Preparation from alkanes, alcohols, olens. Grignard reagents and their reaction with aldehydes/ ketones/ esters/ nitriles. Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides with different nucleophilic species
Haloalkanes (alkyl halides): SN1 and SN2 reactions with mechanism. Halogen exchange reaction. Polyhalogen compounds
Haloarenes: nucleophilic aromatic substitution in haloarenes and substituted haloarenes (excluding Benzyne mechanism and Cine substitution)
Alcohols: Preparation from-olens, alkyl halides, carboxylic acids, aldehydes/ ketones. Hydroboration reaction. Dehydration, oxidation to aldehydes and ketones. Reaction with sodium, phosphorus halides, ZnCl₂/ HX, H₂SO₄
Alcohols: Identification of p-, sec-,and tert-alcohols. Uses of methanol and ethanol
Phenols: Preparation of phenol from halobenzene, cumene, and benzene sulphonic acid. Acidity. Reactions of phenols-halogenation, nitration, sulphonation, with Zn. Reimer-Tiemann reaction, Kolbe reaction
Ethers: Preparation by Williamson's Synthesis, dehydration of alcohols. Reaction with H2O, HX
Aldehydes and Ketones: Preparation of aldehydes and ketones from-alcohols, olefins, acid chlorides, aryl alkanes, nitriles, esters, Friedel-Crafts reaction. Reactions with-alcohols, HCN, NaHSO3
Aldehydes and Ketones: Reactions-oxidation, reduction, oxime, and hydrazone formation. Aldol condensation, Perkin reaction. Cannizzaro reaction. Haloform reaction. Tests to distinguish aldehydes and ketones
Carboxylic acids: Acidity and structure, acidity relationship. Preparation of acids. Preparation of amides, acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides. Ester hydrolysis
Carboxylic acids: Reactions of acids with-thionyl chloride, P-halides, ammonia, alkalis, metals, halogens, reducing agents. Decarboxylation. Halogenation
Amines: Basicity and structure, basicity relationship. Identification of p-, sec-, and tert–amines. Preparation of amines from-nitro compounds, nitriles, amides, haloalkanes/ aromatic compounds
Amines: Reaction with-acids, alkylating agents, acylating agents, nitrous acid. Diazotization of aromatic primary amines-reactions of aromatic diazonium salts-azo coupling reaction, Sandmeyer, and related reactions. Carbylamine reaction of p-amines
Carbohydrate: Classification of carbohydrates. Mono-and disaccharides (glucose and sucrose). Characteristic tests. Structure of glucose. Reactions of glucose-oxidation, reduction, hydroxylamine, HI, acetic anhydride. Cyclic structure of glucose
Carbohydrate: Structures of-sucrose, maltose, starch, and cellulose. Glycoside formation and hydrolysis of sucrose
Amino acids and proteins: α-amino acids. General structure of peptides and proteins. Peptide bond. Characteristic tests. Separation of amino acids using physical properties. Denaturation of proteins. Enzymes
Polymers: Classification. Homo and copolymers, addition, and condensation polymerizations. Polythene, nylons, polyesters, bakelite, melamine-formaldehyde, rubber-natural and synthetic
Mathematics
Mathematics: Unit 01
Algebra
Algebra of complex numbers, addition, multiplication, conjugation, polar representation, properties of modulus and principal argument, triangle inequality, cube roots of unity, geometric interpretations
Quadratic equations with real coefficients, relations between roots and coefficients, formation of quadratic equations with given roots, symmetric functions of roots
Arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic progressions, arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means, sums of finite arithmetic and geometric progressions, infinite geometric series, sums of squares and cubes of the first n natural numbers
Logarithms and their properties
Permutations and combinations, binomial theorem for positive integral index, properties of binomial coefficients
Matrices as a rectangular array of real numbers, equality of matrices, addition, multiplication by a scalar and product of matrices, transpose of a matrix, determinant of a square matrix of order up to three
Inverse of a square matrix of order up to three, properties of these matrix operations, diagonal, symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices and their properties, solutions of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables
Addition and multiplication rules of probability, conditional probability, Bayes theorem, independence of events, computation of probability of events using permutations and combinations
Mathematics: Unit 02
Trigonometry
Trigonometric functions, their periodicity and graphs, addition, and subtraction formulae, formulae involving multiple and sub-multiple angles, general solution of trigonometric equations
Relations between sides and angles of a triangle, sine rule, cosine rule, half-angle formula and the area of a triangle, inverse trigonometric functions (principal value only)
Mathematics: Unit 03
Analytical geometry
Two dimensions-Cartesian coordinates, distance between two points, section formulae, shift of origin
Equation of a straight line in various forms, angle between two lines, distance of a point from a line
Lines through the point of intersection of two given lines, equation of the bisector of the angle between two lines, concurrency of lines
Centroid, orthocentre, incentre, and circumcentre of a triangle
Equation of a circle in various forms, equations of tangent, normal, and chord
Parametric equations of a circle, intersection of a circle with a straight line or a circle, equation of a circle through the points of intersection of two circles and those of a circle and a straight line
Equations of a parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola in standard form, their foci, directrices and eccentricity, parametric equations, equations of tangent, and normal
Locus problems
Three dimensions-direction cosines and direction ratios, equation of a straight line in space, equation of a plane, distance of a point from a plane
Mathematics: Unit 04
Differential calculus
Real valued functions of a real variable, into, onto, and one-to-one functions, sum, difference, product, and quotient of two functions, composite functions, absolute value, polynomial, rational, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions
Limit and continuity of a function, limit, and continuity of the sum, difference, product, and quotient of two functions, L'hospital rule for evaluation of limits of functions
Even and odd functions, inverse of a function, continuity of composite functions, intermediate value property of continuous functions
Derivative of a function, derivative of the sum, difference, product, and quotient of two functions, chain rule, derivatives of polynomial, rational, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions
Derivatives of implicit functions, derivatives up to order two, geometrical interpretation of the derivative, tangents and normals, increasing and decreasing functions, maximum and minimum values of a function
Rolle's theorem and Lagrange's mean value theorem
Mathematics: Unit 05
Integral calculus
Integration as the inverse process of differentiation, indefinite integrals of standard functions, definite integrals and their properties, fundamental theorem of integral calculus
Integration by parts, integration by the methods of substitution and partial fractions, application of definite integrals to the determination of areas involving simple curves
Formation of ordinary differential equations, Solution of homogeneous differential equations, Separation of variables method, Linear first order differential equations
Mathematics: Unit 06
Vectors
Addition of vectors, scalar multiplication, dot, and cross products, scalar triple products and their geometrical interpretations
Physics
Physics: Unit 01
General
Units and dimensions, dimensional analysis, least count, significant figures
Methods of measurement (direct, indirect, null) and measurement of length, time, mass, temperature, potential difference, current and resistance
Design of some simple experiments, such as: i) Searle's method to determine Young's modulus, ii) determination of 'g' by simple pendulum, iii) speed of sound using resonance tube, iv) coefficient of friction using angle of repose
Design of some simple experiments, such as: v) Determination of focal length of a convex lens by plotting a graph between 'u' and 'v', vi) refractive index of material of prism using the method of minimum deviation, vii) verification of Ohm's law
Design of some simple experiments, such as: viii) Resistance of galvanometer using half deflection method, ix) specific heat of a liquid using calorimeter, x) I-V characteristic curve for p–n junction in forward and reverse bias
Graphical representation and interpretation of data
Errors in the measurements and error analysis
Physics: Unit 02
Mechanics
Kinematics in one and two dimensions (Cartesian coordinates only), projectiles
Uniform circular motion
Relative velocity
Newton's laws of motion
Inertial and uniformly accelerated (linear only) frames of reference
Static and dynamic friction
Kinetic and potential energy
Linear and circular simple harmonic motion
Work and power
Conservation of linear momentum and mechanical energy
Systems of particles
Centre of mass and its motion
Centre of gravity
Impulse
Elastic and inelastic collisions
Law of gravitation
Centripetal acceleration and centrifugal force
Gravitational potential and field
Acceleration due to gravity
Motion of planets and satellites in circular orbits
Escape velocity
Rigid body, moment of inertia, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, moment of inertia of uniform bodies with simple geometrical shapes
Angular momentum, torque
Conservation of angular momentum
Dynamics of rigid bodies with fixed axis of rotation
Rolling without slipping of rings, cylinders, and spheres
Equilibrium of rigid bodies
Collision of point masses with rigid bodies
Hooke's law and stress-strain relations
Elastic limit, plastic deformation
Young's modulus, bulk, and shear moduli
Pressure in a fluid
Pascal's law
Buoyancy
Surface energy and surface tension, capillary rise
Viscosity-Stoke's and Poiseuille's law, terminal velocity
Qualitative understanding of turbulence
Reynolds number
Streamline flow, equation of continuity
Bernoulli's theorem
Physics: Unit 03
Sound and mechanical waves
Plane wave motion, longitudinal, and transverse waves, superposition of waves
Progressive and stationary waves
Vibration of strings and air columns
Resonance (qualitative understanding)
Beats
Speed of sound in gases
Doppler effect
Physics: Unit 04
Thermal physics
Thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases
Calorimetry, latent heat
Heat conduction in one dimension
Elementary concepts of convection and radiation
Newton's law of cooling
Ideal gas laws
Specific heats (Cv and Cp for monatomic, and diatomic gases)
Isothermal and adiabatic processes, bulk modulus of gases
Equivalence of heat and work
First and second law of thermodynamics and its applications (only for ideal gases)
Entropy
Blackbody radiation-absorptive and emissive powers
Kirchhoff's law
Wien's displacement law, Stefan's law
Physics: Unit 05
Electricity and magnetism
Coulomb's law
Electric field and potential
Electrical potential energy of a system of point charges and of electrical dipoles in a uniform electrostatic field; electric field lines
Flux of electric field
Gauss's law and its application in simple cases, such as to find field due to infinitely long straight wire
Uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell
Physics: Unit 06
Capacitance
Calculation of capacitance with and without dielectrics
Capacitors in series and parallel
Energy stored in a capacitor
Electric current
Ohm's law
Series and parallel arrangements of resistances, and cells
Kirchhoff's laws and simple applications; heating effect of current
Biot-savart's law and Ampere's law
Magnetic field near a current carrying straight wire, along the axis of a circular coil and inside a long straight solenoid
Force on a moving charge and on a current carrying wire in a uniform magnetic field
Magnetic moment of a current loop
Effect of a uniform magnetic field on a current loop
Moving coil galvanometer, voltmeter, ammeter, and their conversions
Physics: Unit 07
Electromagnetic induction
Faraday's law, Lenz's law
Self and mutual inductance
RC, LR, and LC circuits with AC sources
Physics: Unit 08
Optics
Rectilinear propagation of light
Reflection and refraction at plane, and spherical surfaces, deviation and dispersion of light by a prism
Thin lenses
Combination of mirrors and thin lenses
Magnification
Wave nature of light-Huygens principle, interference limited to Young's double slit experiment
Elementary idea of diffraction-Rayleigh criterion
Elementary idea of polarization-Brewster's law and the law of Malus
Physics: Unit 09
Modern physics
Atomic nucleus
Alpha, beta, and gamma radiations
Law of radioactive decay
Decay constant
Half-life and mean life
Binding energy and its calculation
Fission and fusion processes
Energy calculation in these processes
Photoelectric effect
Bohr's theory of hydrogen like atoms
Characteristic and continuous x-rays, Moseley's law
De Broglie wavelength of matter waves
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle